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Biophilia Tracker's help for Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with insidious onset. Clinically, it is characterized by general dementia such as memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, cognition, impairment of visual spatial skills, executive dysfunction, and personality and behavior changes. The etiology is still unknown. Those who have the disease before 65 years of age are called Alzheimer's disease; those who have the disease after 65 years of age are called Alzheimer's disease.
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The disease may be a group of heterogeneous diseases, which only develops under the influence of a variety of factors (including biological and psychosocial factors). From the current research, there are more than 30 possible factors and hypotheses for the disease, such as family history, female, head trauma, low education level, thyroid disease, mother's childbearing age is too high or too low, virus infection and so on. The following factors are related to the onset of the disease:
1. Family history
Most epidemiological studies have suggested that family history is a risk factor for the disease. Some family members of patients suffering from the same disease are higher than the general population. In addition, it has also been found that the risk of congenital stupidity is increased. Further genetic studies confirmed that the disease may be caused by an autosomal dominant gene. Recently, through gene mapping studies, it was found that the pathological gene of amyloid in the brain is located on the 21st pair of chromosomes. Obviously, dementia is related to genetics.
Congenital stupidity (DS) has similar pathological changes to the disease. The probability of developing the disease in adults is about 100%. It is known that the disease-causing gene of DS is located on chromosome 21, which arouses great interest in the genetics of the disease. However, it is difficult to study the genetics of the disease. Most researchers have found that the risk of the disease for family members of patients is about 3 to 4 times higher than that of the general population. St.George-Hyslop et al. (1989) reviewed the family research data of the disease and found that the risk of family members suffering from the disease was 14.4% for parents and 3.8% to 13.9% for siblings. Using life statistics analysis, the risk rate of FAD first-degree relatives suffering from the disease is as high as 50%, while the control group is only 10%. These data support that some early onset FAD is a group of age-related dominant autosomal dominant inheritance; In the literature, there is a family with only female disease. X-linked inheritance can be ruled out because it is very rare, and most sporadic cases may be the result of the interaction of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors.
There are at least the following four known genetic points related to AD: The early-onset AD locus is located on chromosomes 21, 14, and 1, respectively. The corresponding possible pathogenic genes are APP, S182 and STM-2 genes. The late-onset AD locus is located on chromosome 19, and the possible pathogenic gene is the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene.
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2. Some physical diseases
Such as thyroid disease, immune system disease, epilepsy, etc., have been studied as risk factors for the disease. People with a history of hypothyroidism have a high relative risk of developing the disease. There are more epileptic seizures before the onset of the disease. A history of migraine or severe headache is not related to the disease. Many studies have found that the history of depression, especially the history of depression in the elderly, is a risk factor for the disease. A recent case-control study found that in addition to depression, other functional mental disorders such as schizophrenia and paranoid psychosis are also related. Chemical substances that have been studied as risk factors for the disease include heavy metal salts, organic solvents, pesticides, and drugs. The role of aluminum has always been of concern because animal experiments have shown that aluminum salts have an impact on learning and memory; epidemiological studies have suggested that the prevalence of dementia is related to the aluminum content in drinking water. It is possible that the accumulation of neurotoxins such as aluminum or silicon in the body accelerates the aging process.
3. Head trauma
Head trauma refers to head trauma with disturbance of consciousness. Brain trauma has been reported as a risk factor for the disease. Clinical and epidemiological studies suggest that severe brain injury may be one of the causes of some of the diseases.
4. Other
Progressive failure of the immune system, weakening of the body's detoxification function, and lentiviral infection, as well as social and psychological factors such as widowhood, living alone, financial difficulties, and turbulence in life, can be the triggers for the disease.
treatment
1. The purpose of symptomatic treatment is to control the accompanying psychopathological symptoms
(1) If anti-anxiety drugs have symptoms of anxiety, agitation, and insomnia, consider using short-acting benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, oxazepam (norrazepam), lorazepam (rolla ) And triazolam (Haileshen). The dose should be small and not suitable for long-term application. Be wary of side effects such as excessive sedation, lethargy, slurred speech, ataxia, and gait instability. Increasing daytime activity is sometimes more effective than taking sleeping pills. At the same time, other physical diseases that can induce or aggravate the patient's anxiety and insomnia, such as infection, trauma, urinary retention, and constipation, should be dealt with in time.
(2) Antidepressants About 20% to 50% of AD patients have depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms that are mild and short-lived should be relieved by counseling, psychotherapy, social support, and environmental improvement. Antidepressants can be added when necessary. Nortriptyline and desipramine have mild side effects, and doxepin (doxepin) and maprotiline can also be used. In recent years, my country has introduced some new antidepressants, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), paroxetine (Selote), fluoxetine (Yuko, Biyoujie), orally; Sertraline (Zolo Complex), orally. The anticholinergic and cardiovascular side effects of these drugs are generally milder than tricyclics. However, fluoxetine has a long half-life and should be used with caution in the elderly.
(3) Antipsychotics can help control patients' behavior disorder, agitation, aggressiveness, hallucinations. However, a small dose should be used and the drug should be stopped in time to prevent toxic and side effects. Consider taking a small dose of perphenazine orally. Thioridazine has less postural hypotension and extrapyramidal side effects than chlorpromazine. It is helpful for the common anxiety and agitation of elderly patients. It is one of the commonly used antipsychotics for the elderly, but it can easily cause changes in the electrocardiogram. ECG should be monitored. . Haloperidol has a milder effect on sedation and orthostatic hypotension, but its disadvantage is that it easily causes extrapyramidal reactions.
In recent years, some atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone and olanzapine, are commonly used in clinical practice, with good curative effects. Cardiovascular and extrapyramidal side effects are less, suitable for elderly patients.
2. Nootropics or drugs that improve cognitive function
The purpose is to improve cognitive function and delay disease progression. The research and development of such drugs is in the ascendant, and new drugs are emerging one after another, which can improve cognitive function and behavior to a certain extent, and the cognitive function score has also improved. According to the pharmacological effects of nootropics, it can be divided into drugs that act on neurotransmitters, cerebral vasodilators, and cerebral metabolism-promoting drugs. The effects of all kinds of drugs overlap each other.
(1) Drugs that act on neurotransmitters. Cholinergic system block can cause memory and learning decline, similar to normal old age amnesia. If the central cholinergic activity is strengthened, the learning and memory ability of the elderly can be improved. Therefore, changes in the cholinergic system are closely related to the degree of cognitive impairment in AD, the so-called cholinergic hypothesis. The purpose of cholinergic therapy is to promote and maintain the function of the remaining cholinergic neurons. These drugs are mainly used for the treatment of AD.
(2) Cerebral metabolism activating drugs. The effects of these drugs are more complicated, mainly to expand cerebral blood vessels, increase the utilization of oxygen, glucose, amino acids and phospholipids by cerebral cortex cells, promote the recovery of brain cells, and improve functional brain cells. So as to achieve the purpose of improving memory.
Prognosis voice
Because the pathogenesis involves many aspects, it must not be treated with drugs alone. Clinical meticulous and scientific nursing has a vital effect on patients' behavior correction and memory recovery. For long-term bedridden people, pay attention to urination and defecation, turn over and wipe your back regularly to prevent pressure sores. For excited and disturbed patients, family members should accompany them to avoid accidents. Pay attention to the patient’s diet and daily life, and provide assistance or nasal feeding for those who cannot eat or have difficulty eating. Strengthen the training of patients' living ability and memory.
For diseases, while cooperating with drug treatment, Biophilia Tracker can also be used to help us improve the effect of the treatment. It can also enhance our own immunity and resistance, and it can also reduce the harm of drugs to the human body.